Category: Strategy

Challenges faced by investors in integrating ESG into decision-making

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Integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into investment decision-making have become increasingly popular in recent years. However, the integration has been slow and there are still several challenges associated with effectively integrating ESG factors.

Some of the key challenges faced by investors for ESG integration are:

  1. Lack of standardized ESG data and metrics. ESG data comes from a variety of sources and rating agencies, and as a result, there is often inconsistent information and difficulties in comparing and benchmarking investments. This lack of standardization makes it difficult for investors to assess the materiality of ESG factors in their investment decisions. Additionally, the lack of uniformity in ESG data, definitions, and methodologies presents a major challenge for investors seeking to integrate ESG factors into investment analysis and decision-making. According to the Global Sustainable Investment Alliance’s 2020 Global Sustainable Investment Review, “the lack of uniformity in ESG data, definitions and methodologies presents a major challenge for investors seeking to integrate ESG factors into investment analysis and decision-making.”
  2. Complexity of ESG issues: The complexity and the need for specialized expertise to fully understand and assess their impact on investments. ESG issues can range from climate change and biodiversity to human rights and labour practices. Understanding these issues requires a deep knowledge of the environmental and social impacts of different industries, as well as an understanding of the regulatory landscape. This complexity can make it difficult for investors to effectively integrate ESG considerations into their decision-making processes. As noted in a report by the Principles for Responsible Investment, “investors may find that ESG analysis requires a greater level of detail and specialized expertise than traditional financial analysis.”
  3. Reduced financial returns: There is a concern that focusing too much on ESG factors could lead to reduced financial returns. Companies that prioritize ESG issues may face additional costs or have lower profitability in the short term. There is a risk that too much emphasis on ESG factors may come at the expense of financial returns, particularly if investors focus too much on short-term ESG concerns that do not align with long-term financial performance. This concern can make investors hesitant to fully integrate ESG considerations into their decision-making processes.
  4. ESG considerations with investment objectives: Finally, there is the challenge of balancing ESG considerations with other investment objectives. While ESG factors are important, investors also have other objectives such as achieving financial performance targets or meeting liquidity requirements. Investors must strike a balance between their fiduciary duty to maximize financial returns and their responsibilities to incorporate ESG considerations into their investment processes. As noted in a report by the Principles for Responsible Investment, “investors must also ensure that their investment approach aligns with the objectives and needs of their clients or beneficiaries.”

Addressing concerns:

To address these challenges, a holistic approach is necessary. This approach involves collaboration among different stakeholders, including investors, asset managers, companies, regulators, and standard-setters. The integration of ESG factors into investment analysis and decision-making is a process that requires the involvement of multiple parties, including investors, asset managers, companies, and regulators.

There also needs to be a greater emphasis on developing standardized ESG metrics, improving data quality and availability, and increasing education and training on ESG issues. The Principles for Responsible Investment’s guide on ESG integration for equity investing notes that “investors can improve their ESG integration approach by developing more specific and actionable ESG metrics that are relevant to their investment processes.” Additionally, the guide recommends that investors seek out specialized expertise on ESG issues and invest in training and education for their staff.

Overall, successfully integrating ESG considerations into investment decision-making requires a multifaceted approach that addresses the challenges associated with standardized data, the complexity of ESG issues, financial returns and ESG consideration into investment objectives.

Could the transition to renewable energy be truly sustainable? Are Environmental and Social issues adequately considered?

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Sustainable energy sources are commonly understood as energy sources that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.  In the past, we have transitioned our major energy sources from Coal to Oil and Gas, which was considered more environment friendly at that time.  Now, we are urgently transitioning from Oil and Gas to more greener and sustainable energy sources.

Renewable energy sources are often termed as sustainable energy sources. However, are they truly sustainable?  Is the transition sustainable this time around or are we just solving a current problem and creating another one for the future? 

Renewable energy is energy from sources that are continuously replenished naturally.  Among others, common forms of renewable energy include solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power, tidal power, and biomass energy.

As per the UN Energy Progress Report 2021, the world is making progress towards Goal 7, Affordable and Clean Energy, of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Data from 2018 (latest available) shows that globally the share of renewable energy is 17 per cent of the Total Energy Consumption.

The rapid transition to clean energy is inevitable, but it creates some pertinent questions regarding the Environmental and Social sustainability issues in the transition:

  1. Environmental sustainability:  Let’s not close our eyes for what’s happening. For instance, the mining of Neodymium, a rare earth element important for generator components in wind turbines Mining coal is harmful the environment, but mining neodymium is harmful as well, although considered relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust by some industry experts (opposing views are plenty!)
  2. Social sustainability:  Social aspect is globally diverse and complex. The planet’s resources need to be effectively and efficiently used to provide enough food and energy for everyone. As per the UN Energy Progress Report 2021, 13 per cent of the global population still lacks access to modern electricity and 3 billion people rely on wood, coal, charcoal or animal waste for cooking and heating. Is the transition to renewable energy solving energy poverty globally or is it limited to the fortunate who have had access to energy previously as well?
  3. ‘True’ sustainability:  As renewable energy component of the world’s Total Energy Consumption increase, it brings pressure on the natural resources including water, land use, forestry and marine resources as more resources are required for the renewable infrastructure.  Furthermore, indirect impact on biodiversity cannot be ignored. For instance, hydropower or open-cycle power plants involve significant thermal discharges, which could impact the biodiversity. It also raises questions as to whether submerging ecosystems under water by building hydropower dams is less destructive.

Sustainable renewables should be the focus rather than just ‘going green’ by utilising renewable sources, so that the new renewable investments are without the collateral damage and unintended negative consequences. As the pace of transition picks up, and we lay the foundations for a new and sustainable future, it is better to get it right during the transition, than to spend billions correcting the actions decades later.

Integrating ESG considerations into business strategy

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Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors are increasingly important for companies across industries. ESG factors refer to a broad set of issues that relate to a company’s impact on the environment, society, and its governance structure. These factors are critical for creating long-term sustainable value for the company, its stakeholders, and society. This short article explores why companies should integrate ESG into their business strategy.

ESG factors are material to business performance

ESG factors can have a significant impact on a company’s financial performance and long-term sustainability. Companies that ignore ESG issues may face increased operational risks, reputational damage, and regulatory scrutiny. On the other hand, companies that manage ESG risks and opportunities well can create value for their stakeholders and enhance their reputation and brand value. For example, in the past 5 years, stock market data shows that companies that are leaders in ESG performance tend to have higher return on equity (ROE) and lower volatility in their stock prices.

ESG factors are important for stakeholder engagement

Stakeholder engagement is crucial for companies to build trust, maintain social license to operate, and attract and retain talent. ESG factors are increasingly important to stakeholders, including investors, customers, employees, and community members. Investors are increasingly using ESG factors to evaluate companies’ long-term sustainability and risk profile. Customers are becoming more aware of the social and environmental impact of their purchasing decisions. Employees are seeking to work for companies that align with their values and offer a positive work culture. Community members are demanding that companies take responsibility for their impact on the local environment and society. By integrating ESG into their business strategy, companies can demonstrate their commitment to responsible business practices and engage effectively with their stakeholders.

ESG factors are important for regulatory compliance

ESG factors are increasingly important for regulatory compliance across jurisdictions. Governments are enacting new laws and regulations to address environmental and social issues, such as climate change, human rights, and supply chain transparency. Companies that do not manage ESG risks may face legal and financial penalties and reputational damage. By integrating ESG into their business strategy, companies can ensure that they comply with existing and future regulations and reduce the risk of non-compliance.

ESG factors are important for innovation and competitiveness

ESG factors can drive innovation and competitiveness for companies. By considering ESG factors, companies can identify new business opportunities, develop innovative products and services, and differentiate themselves from their competitors. For example, companies that invest in renewable energy and sustainable products can create new revenue streams and enhance their market position. Companies that integrate diversity and inclusion into their business strategy can attract and retain a diverse talent pool and enhance their innovation capacity. By integrating ESG into their business strategy, companies can improve their long-term competitiveness and sustainability.

In conclusion, integrating ESG into business strategy is critical for companies to create long-term sustainable value for their stakeholders and society. ESG factors are material to business performance, stakeholder engagement, regulatory compliance, and innovation and competitiveness. Companies that integrate ESG into their business strategy can enhance their reputation, reduce risk, and create positive social and environmental impact. The evidence suggests that companies that lead in ESG performance tend to have higher financial performance and lower volatility in their stock prices. It is essential for companies to consider ESG factors in their decision-making processes and to report on their ESG performance transparently to their stakeholders.

Diversification strategies in Energy Transition

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Diversification, in the context of the global energy transition, is the broadening of the core fossil fuel business of oil and gas companies into new low-carbon energy products and markets.  At present, there are limited low-carbon diversification options available to invest in, and the options are in industries that are themselves nascent or require a huge amount of R&D investment to improve profitability.  

Each option comes with some opportunities and some downside risks.  The challenge is to select the optimal option, given firm-level capabilities, economic, social, and political conditions, to effectively diversify away from a fast- disappearing value source, whilst managing the risks and opportunities.

Oil and gas companies, through this diversification, are seeking to develop a viable, sustainable, and profitable business model that meets the environmental, regulatory, and financial criteria set by climate change actions.  However, the companies have differing views of the impact of the climate change on their business models and product demand, as implied by their responses underpinned by their varying future scenarios and forecast models used for business planning.  

This results in a broad spectrum of diversification strategies. At one end of the spectrum are those companies who plan to stay firmly within the fossil fuel business, diversifying as little as possible, at the other end are those who aim to transform completely into pure players in a new industry.  Across the spectrum are companies aiming for varying degrees of diversification, in the short-term at least, from product diversification within existing fossil fuel markets to diversification into various low carbon and renewable technologies.

A quick skim through of the various diversification initiatives in the industry shows that there are three main strategies which are adopted.

  • The resources specialist strategy is betting on a future that promises significant demand for hydrocarbons for another 30 to 50 years. The hypothesis is that fossil fuels will continue to be a key component in the foreseeable future whilst energy transition evolves globally
  • The integrated energy player strategy is looking to retain the profitable core, while also capturing some of the large global opportunities now emerging in low-carbon markets, including renewable power, bioenergy, next-generation mobility, energy services and hydrogen
  • The low-carbon pure play strategy is betting heavily on building future-proof, low-carbon businesses while divesting themselves of legacy, high-carbon portfolios that could create management distractions and present investment propositions that are too mixed for both equity and debt investors

Energy Transition and its economic rationale has been long recognised by the corporate world. However, as stated above its not a one-size-fits all transition strategy adopted in the industry.  The choice depends a lot on the priorities outlined by senior decision makers of the company and the direction given by investors.  And these are expected to further evolve based on the early outcomes of the diverse strategies.

Energy Transition and the diversification of Oil and Gas business

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To keep global warming to below 1.5 degrees C this century, the global energy system needs to be transformed from being largely based on fossil fuels to being largely based on renewable energy. This global energy transition shifts the production and consumption away from non-renewable fossil fuels towards the use of low carbon and renewable energy solutions. 

The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) in its Global Renewables Outlook: Energy Transformation 2050 sets out an ambitious outlook to cut 70% of the world’s energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 2050. Over 90% of this reduction would be achieved through renewables and energy efficiency measures.  IRENA estimates that around 260GW of renewable energy capacity was added globally in 2020, beating previous record by almost 50%.

In the context of this fast-progressing energy transition, Oil and gas companies are faced with the existential challenge of how to diversify away from their current reliance on fossil fuels without losing the value and cash generating potential of their current business.  The expected decrease in demand for fossil fuels and concerns over damage from climate change is creating business risks for oil and gas companies and could result in a significant number of stranded assets and loss of value. In the long run, this could also lead to the transformation for some of the major oil and gas companies into completely new businesses.

Diversification, in the context of the global energy transition, is to broaden the core business of oil and gas companies into new low-carbon energy products and markets.  At present,

there are limited low-carbon diversification options available to invest in, and the options are in industries that are themselves nascent or require a huge amount of R&D investment to improve profitability.  Each option comes with some opportunities and some downside risks.  The challenge is to select the optimal option, given firm-level capabilities, economic, social, and political conditions, to effectively diversify away from a fast- disappearing value source, whilst managing the risks and opportunities.

The influence of ESG on Energy Transition

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Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria has become an integral part of investment decision making, especially when considering long-term growth and value implications.   At the same time, the development of strong ESG-related governance and reporting will set the industry for success as it embraces Energy Transition from fossil fuel-based sources to renewable and sustainable sources.

In a nutshell, the ESG criteria is a set of standards for an organisation’s operations that can be used to evaluate the organisation. Investors look at a broad range of behaviours under the three topics of Environmental, Social and Governance.  Based on the outcome of their evaluation of ESG criteria, investors place a premium or discount on potential investments.

The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) in its Global Renewables Outlook: Energy Transformation 2050 sets out an ambitious outlook by calling to cut 70% of the world’s energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 2050. Over 90% of this reduction is expected to be achieved through renewables and energy efficiency measures.  IRENA estimated that around 260GW of renewable energy capacity was added globally in 2020, beating previous record by almost 50%.

The increased focus of ESG investing is providing a stimulus to Energy Transition.  There are three main influencing factors which is driving this.

Industry demand trends

There is varying opinion among experts on the so called ‘peak’ of oil and gas demand growth.  There are many corporates and industry experts who are of the opinion that peak oil and gas demand growth has already ended. However, there is widely consensus that the next decade will see massive growth in adoption of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, and related technologies such as battery storage, to meet mainstream energy demand.

Return on Capital

There has been a long period of low prices in the oil and gas industry, sustained by an ever-increasing supply by main producers globally.  Hence it has not been a favourable investment climate recently for an industry which has historically seen a steady influx of investments in the past many decades, supporting capital intensive exploration and production projects.

Policy development  

Globally, policy makers and governments have accelerated measures to address climate change issues. In addition, laws regarding emissions standards have become more stringent.  Enhanced corporate reporting requirements has made it more transparent to see corporate initiatives on supporting sustainability.  Consequently, Global corporates, including oil and gas majors, are vying to be seen as the leaders on sustainability and all related topics.

In this backdrop of the global Energy Transition, ESG criteria provides a means for corporates to demonstrate their overall performance, including generating long term financial benefits for investors.  Proactive implementation of ESG principles and sustainable growth initiatives, helps to differentiate companies when seeking access to investors and their capital.  Large institutional investors are driving sustainability agendas by their direct intervention in the market and through Private Equity investors who control most of the capital flows globally. Hence companies who puts ESG at the forefront of their Energy Transition will be best placed to access the capital to support their transition initiatives.

The impact of ESG on business valuations

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ESG, which stands for Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), has become one of the key criteria in the evaluation process, when assessing potential investments. Under the three ESG areas, a set of standards, is used to evaluate the organisation’s operations.  It is unlikely that an organisation scores the best in all ESG criteria.  Investors take the outcome of the evaluation and incorporate it both qualitatively and quantitatively into their decision making.

Although ESG and related performance of organisations has been included in mainstream investment decisions for more than a decade, an area which is still evolving is how ESG should be quantified and included in the business valuations. To understand the significance of including ESG impact in the valuation, let’s look at the two main traditional valuation methods – Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method and Multiple of Earnings method.

Discounted Cash Flow method

Under the DCF method, the Free Cash Flows of a company are discounted with the expected cost of capital to arrive at the valuation. In simple terms, Free cash flow (FCF) is the money a company has left over after paying its operating expenses and capital expenditures and Cost of Capital represents the risks related to the cash flows.

ESG impact can be included in either of the two main components, namely Free Cash Flow and the Cost of Capital, to influence the business valuation.  By doing this, the positive or negative impacts of ESG criteria evaluation, on the future cash flows of the company, and hence its valuation can be considered.  For instance, in the case of a company with higher ESG risks, cash flows can be adjusted down, or cost of capital can be increased, and vice versa. Often in making such adjustments, one need to consider the materiality of the impact of the relevant ESG criteria.  The materiality would be specific to the company and its industry. To reduce the subjectivity involved in determining the materiality, analysis of multiple scenarios and techniques such as weighted average analysis should be used.

Multiple of Earnings method

Under the multiple of earnings method, the value of a company is determined by applying a multiple to the company’s earnings. It is a relative valuation method and seeks to evaluate similar companies using the same set of standardised financial metrics. A commonly used multiple is Price-to-Earnings (P/E) multiple.

ESG impact can be included in the multiple used for the valuation.  The impact of ESG criteria results in a higher or lower multiple, relative to those achieved in comparable transactions.  For instance, a Private Equity buyer who considers the impact of ESG criteria, and the resulting risks and/or opportunities during the due diligence phase can optimise the price paid. Similarly, a corporate seller, doing a divestment of a non-core asset, can effectively use the positive impact of ESG criteria on the company’s operations, in influencing a higher valuation multiple for the transaction.  

As mentioned previously, multiples are influenced by the prices achieved for transactions involving comparable transactions in the market.  There is not yet full transparency regarding the influence of ESG criteria in both public and private transactions.  Hence there are limitations in identifying comparable transactions which included ESG criteria or the level of inclusion of ESG criteria.  In addition, there is the risk of arbitrary adjustments to the multiple.  As more data becomes available, inclusion of ESG criteria in multiples can be further refined.

The inclusion of ESG criteria in business valuation has gained more prominence recently.  There are several ways ESG is incorporated in the valuations, and it continues to evolve.  As more instances of ESG application in valuation becomes available, across various industries and geographies, best practice models are expected to emerge. 

Importance of ESG for investors and companies seeking potential investments

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Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria has become an essential part of the investment process.  Depending on the availability of data, ESG can be integrated into the investment process for making decisions.  It can also highlight companies that may carry a greater financial risk due to their environmental or social or governance practices.

In a nutshell, the ESG criteria is a set of standards for an organisation’s operations that can be used to evaluate the organisation. Investors look at a broad range of behaviours under the three topics of ESG:

  • Environmental: It considers how an organisation performs its responsibility towards environment and its sustainability. The criteria may include its use of energy, treatment and disposal of waste, handling of pollution, conservation of environment, preservation of natural resources, management of environmental risks and compliance with various environmental protection laws
  • Social: It considers how an organisation manages its conduct with customers, suppliers, employees, and the communities. The criteria may include its values and policies which drive business relationships with customers and suppliers, trade practices, working conditions of employees, health and safety records, consideration of community interests in projects, and so on.
  • Governance: It considers how an organisation deals with leadership, executive pay, internal controls, and shareholder rights. The criteria may include transparency of accounting methods, appointment of board members, conflicts of interests, anti-bribery and corruption policies, political relationships, and protecting shareholder interests.

It is unlikely that an organisation scores the best in all criteria. It is still an evolving topic, and most companies are on a journey to transform their businesses, in support of ESG considerations. Depending on industry sector and geographies in which they operate, some companies would have progressed well in some of the criteria whilst still working on the others. In the meantime, investors, of course, need to decide what’s most important to them in making their investment decisions.

ESG

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ESG is the latest acronym which you see everywhere in the corporate world.  Boardrooms, senior management, consultants, press, webinars or blogs, everyone talks about the importance of ESG.  Every policy, strategy, or investment is now evaluated with an ESG lens.  You just can’t miss it!  So, what is it?

ESG stands for Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), a term which first appeared in the August 2005 Conference Report ‘Investing for Long-Term Value’. The conference in Zurich, Switzerland was part of the Who Cares Wins initiative by the United Nations Global Compact, voluntary corporate citizenship initiative launched by the United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan. The objective of the conference was to Integrate environmental, social and governance value drivers in asset management and financial research.

Subsequently in April 2006, the United Nation’s Principles for Responsible Investment was launched by the UN Secretary-General.  The principles were developed during a nearly year-long process, coordinated by the United Nations with participation by a group of the world’s largest institutional investors, who became the initial signatories to the principles.  It also resulted in the formation of The UN Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI), an international organization that works to promote the incorporation of environmental, social, and corporate governance factors into investment decision-making.

There are six Principles for Responsible Investment, which have been adopted by the signatories, to develop a more sustainable global financial system.  These six Principles for Responsible Investment offer a menu of possible actions for incorporating ESG issues into investment practice. They are as follows:

  • Principle 1: We will incorporate ESG issues into investment analysis and decision-making processes.
  • Principle 2: We will be active owners and incorporate ESG issues into our ownership policies and practices.
  • Principle 3: We will seek appropriate disclosure on ESG issues by the entities in which we invest.
  • Principle 4: We will promote acceptance and implementation of the Principles within the investment industry.
  • Principle 5: We will work together to enhance our effectiveness in implementing the Principles.
  • Principle 6: We will each report on our activities and progress towards implementing the Principles.

There are more than 2500 participating financial institutions. These institutions participate as signatories and file regular reports on their progress towards implementing the six principles in making their investments.